Effect of Interventions on Infant Mortality Rates - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1272 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY Introduction The information provided in this article and the data have mainly dealt with the birth and infant death that has been provided by the CDC(center for disease control) and NCHS (preventions national center for health statistics).   The information presented in the database links the death certificate and the death certificate for any child born and dies in America. The main reason for having the data relation was to provide enough and sufficient sources of the information. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Effect of Interventions on Infant Mortality Rates" essay for you Create order For the 1-year-old infants, the mortality rate that was calculated per 100,000 cause of death for live births and other determinants was 1,000 live births. The information pertaining the reasons for the death was grouped in accordance to the Tenth Revision of International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems.Leading CODs were ranked using the conventions outlined by NCHS and described in detail else here. Research lacks long-term assessments of adherence regarding education provided within hospital settings (Nettles, 2005). Other limitations were a lack of randomized sample (Christofides, 2005), (Columbia Herrmann, 2010), (Marshall, 1996). Samples were limited to high-risk women only (Lee, Ayers, Holden, 2012), and studies were predominately surveyed in urban communities (Revi et al., 2014). Systematic reviews were utilized due to minimal research regarding interventions to reduce infant mortality within the restricted time frame (Macdorman Mathews, 2008). Overall, systematic reviews were useful in identifying interventions for child mortality, and health care workers are familiar with education topics to discuss with different populations. However, systematic reviews were not helpful when trying to obtain statistics and effectiveness of research interventions. Research Questions The PICOT study question in this assessment is: does the effort of helping the infants and the mothers at risk produce any fruits of success in the first year of the babys life in the United States of America? The risk factor issues and preventative measures are enhanced to ensure the successful follow-up and maintenance of these problems. The detailed studies had to be done to accomplish the understanding of this field to enable proper precautions have been put into considerations.It has also ensured the effectiveness of the system hence guarantee the reduction of the infant mortality rate. Description of the Participants Some limitations were experienced throughout the program study. The research involved singleton babies only (Mason, Humphreys, Kent, 2004). The study lacked the long-term monitoring and evaluation of an attachment regarding education provided within hospital settings. There was also lack of randomized sampling. Samples that were available were limited to high-risk women only, and the studies were also based on the survey in urban communities. Systematic reviews were utilized due to minimal research regarding interventions to reduce infant mortality within the restricted time frame. Overall, systematic reviews were useful in identifying interventions for child mortality, and health care workers are familiar with education topics to discuss with different populations (Brown Wissow, 2009). However, systematic reviews were not helpful when trying to obtain statistics and effectiveness of research interventions. Instrumentation Levels of evidence varied with different research studies. 43% of the research articles were Level Six: Single Descriptive or Qualitative studies. Twenty-eight percents (28%) were Level Five and Systematic Reviews of Descriptive and Qualitative Studies. Cohort and Case Control studied at Level Four and made up 14% of the reviews. Finally, 9% of the studies generated from Level Three evidence. Controlled Trials without Randomization and Randomized Control Trials accounted 6% of Level Two evidence based practice. Sample sizes ranged from five (MacCallum, Widaman, Zhang, Hong, 1999) to 1,335,471 subjects (Stockwell Peterson, 2002). Half of the studies were conducted at single sites, while 35% included multiple states. Fifteen percent of the studies were conducted nationwide. Overall, studies providing education on reducing unsafe behaviors such as smoking, substance use, and lack of contraceptive use began to show that safe sleep increased along with patient compliance. Promoting heal thy outcomes by increasing health behaviors should decrease IMR, and it is evident that with the corporation from the patients and all the environment,  Ã‚   lower rates of these problems are experienced. Ethical Cznsiderations The current state of research continues to showcase IMRs throughout counties, states, and Nations. The Research has been focused on finding the risk- factors related to infant mortality, but more intervention studies about maintenance and long-term effects need to be conducted to support the practice. Hospitals are major locations for creating awareness among the patient and also for the researchers to doing their research (Zawadzka, 2002). New and major topics of discussion are happening in the facilities among the many workers, and the families that are immediate compliance is noted in research to evaluate efficacy. Other new interventions in reducing infant mortality include centering and inter-birth spacing. Research has begun to assess the effect of patient education and prevention. Both responses are explained below. CHAPTER 4. DATA COLLECTION, ANALYSIS, AND RESULTS Introduction Infant mortality is prevalent in the United States especially for children below the age of one. However, several interventions have been made to reduce the rate of infant mortality in the United States. The research, therefore, was to find out whether the interventions reduced infant mortalities depending on the statistics obtained from the national bureau as well as from a few selected hospitals. Data Collection Procedures The study will seek to collect the data from the statistics of infant mortalities from the national bureau of statistics and deduce conclusions based on the trends from the statistics. Also, some of the data about infant mortalities will be collected from a few selected hospitals where the cause of death of the babies can easily be determined. This is to verify the credibility of the systems in place and also to enhance the success of the study. Information will be obtained by different means including the observation of the institutions. This will ensure that first-hand information has been collected providing quality information. The application of questionnaire also will be utilized to ensure that data has been gathered from the different sectors, this will be directed to the patients and the health officials. Confidentiality will be one of the key priority for the people that shall be involved in the data collection (Bourke Wessely, 2008). Data Analysis and Results From the results, it can be known whether SIDS or suffocation is what leads to the majority of infant deaths. Other factors that will be taken into account in the analysis will be the weather premature births led to the many deaths of children in the United States. The contribution of teen pregnancies and level of education will also be analyzed to determine their role from the statistics obtained from the hospitals. A different method of data preparations will be utilized to make the best out of the study research. This will enhance the understanding of the possible outcomes. The use of the graphs and charts will be utilized to realize this activity application of tables also will be among the analysis methods. Figure 1; Major Causes of Infant Deaths. From the above diagram, the level of premature birth is high, and it accounts for 58% of the total number of the infants death. This is much far greater than the level of education factor that only accounts for 9%. This gives a clear understanding that there is enough and qualified personnel to conduct the services of the child birth. Levels of evidence varied with different research studies. 43% of the research articles were Level Six: Single Descriptive or Qualitative studies. Twenty-eight percents (28%) were Level Five and Systematic Reviews of Descriptive and Qualitative Studies. Cohort and Case Control studied at Level Four and made up 14% of the reviews. Finally, 9% of the studies generated from Level Three evidence. Controlled Trials without Randomization and Randomized Control Trials accounted 6% of Level Two evidence based practice

Morals Or Blood Bond By William Faulkner - 1446 Words

Morals or Blood Bond Barn Burning (1939), is an astonishing short story written by William Faulkner. This story is about not only the struggles between rich and poor, but also the story of Sarty’s transformation into manhood. In the story he had to choose whether to do what was right by his own morals or to do right by his father because of the blood bond they shared. After the long lasting struggle between his father’s authority and his own idea of justice Sarty finally chose to confidently follow his own standards of justice, which shows him taking his next steps into manhood. From an early age we are taught to respect our parents and elders decisions whether they are right or wrong. In this story, Sarty debates whether or not he†¦show more content†¦This action shows cowardice and silence lies in his fear of betraying his father. Abner Snopes, Sarty’s father, had an outrageous amount of anger towards the rich and to express his anger towards them he t aught Sarty how to make threats and violate others legal property. Although, Abner’s burning of the barn had been his way of fighting against the inequality in the southern society, this does not make it acceptable. Sarty is only ten and has not yet set standards for his own moral code, therefore all he knows is what he has been taught. His father has taught him to be a man in the light of his criteria. â€Å"You are getting to be a man. You got to learn. You got to learn to stick to your own blood or you ain’t going to have any blood stick to you† (Faulkner, pg. 803). Sarty believes that what his father is telling him has to do with family responsibility and agrees with him. Sarty is still young and because of this he does what his father says and keeps quiet about the crime his father has committed. Although, Sarty does see all the great his father has done fighting against the inequality of the Southern Society, he also notices the odd and the wrong in his fa ther’s behavior and decisions. At this place in the story, the relationship between Abner and Sarty is still at absolute loyalty. The crimes that Abner is committing are starting to be more wrong in Sarty’s eyes. He is beginning to see the wrong in theShow MoreRelatedSocial Class In William Faulkners Barn Burning776 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Faulkner once said, â€Å"We must be free not because we claim freedom, but because we practice it.† This quote is valid in William Faulkner’s short story, Barn Burning, as it demonstrates the difference in social classes and how their status affects the decisions they make. 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Rude American Free Essays

Rude Americans Stories are often told about rude American tourists, neighbors, or simply Americans. They have been labeled as rude because of their actions and their portrayal in the media and our society. Most of the complaints involve tourists. We will write a custom essay sample on Rude American or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to businessperson. Com, Tripods, a travel blob, conducted a survey last year involving 700 respondents from 62 countries about bad tourist behavior. It covers everything from travel etiquette and manners (like hogging the armrests and asking to switch seats incessantly in plane rides) to drunken misbehaver and foreign fertilization. A whopping 33% of respondents, three times as many as the next worst, Britain, agree that Americans are terrible tourists. 44% of the American respondents even agreed that their countrymen are the worst tourists. As the stereotype goes, they’re loud, rude, fat, and make terrible fashion choices. Stereotype aside, why are Americans seen as rude and disrespectful? Aside from the Internet research, a survey was also done in class asking the students their opinions on why Americans are often seen as rude. The top reasons turned out to be 1) the US is involved in a lot of wars, 2) the American bringing and 3) cultural differences and misunderstanding. The supports, however, were mostly based on information from the Internet and personal observations. First reason on why Americans are often seen as rude is the role of the US in wars around the world. The US has been a world superpower for so many years and is considered as one of the â€Å"Most Reliable Countries. Being one of the richest and most powerful countries, Americans tend to think they are superior and can overpower anyone, making them come off as rude and disrespectful. American rudeness and disrespect also comes from the wars hey were involved in the past to gain power or just for the sake of warring such as World Wars I and II, Vietnam, Korean, Afghanistan and Iraq wars. Even if they didn’t win without the help of other countries, it still made Americans act and think that they are above anyone, which carries on up until now. Second reason of American rudeness is the American upbringing. It is the environment that they grew up in; it is how they were raised. Many Americans are loud and outspoken because they grew up in a similar environment especially if they grew up in a city since American cities tend to be hectic and Hattie. They are often seen glued and yelling over their phones, which may be just talking normally for them. They are also seen as rude because of their informality when meeting strangers and they think everything is funny. This is because they are comfortable with other people although they don’t realize that the same open behavior comes across as disrespect to other people. Americans are seen as rude because many of them feel that they have to insult others because everything has to be their way. Many Americans are known to be chain-swears like it’s a part of them, like it’s a normal thing. When they do not get what they want, they become frustrated. They just lack manners and social graces because they feel the need to become dominant and take control of everything without thinking about how to treat others. Americans also seem to have a bad reputation with not realizing that the whole world did not grow up learning English to serve them, and that speaking slower to someone who doesn’t understand or speak English, doesn’t make a difference. Third reason is cultural differences. As mentioned in the previous reason, the open behavior of Americans comes across as disrespect to other people cause they aren’t used to such culture, whereas Americans often view familiarity as a good thing. Mistakes made by tourists when visiting other countries are often seen as disrespectful. They may not be fully aware, but some people actually get offended. For example, if you’re in France and you’re invited to dinner at someone’s house, you should bring a gift but do not bring a bottle of wine because it implies that your hoses wine is not good enough. Since it is habitual for polite Americans to bring a bottle of wine as a gift for one’s hosts, it may be a problem especially if they aren’t familiar with he French rule. Americans are also known for their busy lifestyle, wherein their time costs so much that they don’t waste it in apologizing or thanking others. Some people as a child has been taught that saying â€Å"thank you,† â€Å"you’re welcome,† or â€Å"I’m sorry/’ is a way of showing good manners, so not doing any of the mentioned may seen by others as rude. The way they show their nationalism and pride makes them seem to look down on other countries since they say that other countries are nothing compared to them, and that the US is the best country in the world. Maybe we are just used to he respectful culture, but some of the ways they show nationalism and pride may be disrespectful to other countries. Some of the things they say may also sound offensive but they actually mean something different. An example would be their use of the phrase, â€Å"Oh, really? † A person could take it as someone challenging his opinion but in reality it simply means, â€Å"Interesting Can you elaborate? † The portrayal of arrogance among Americans through their actions, the media and the society is caused by the role of the US in wars, the American upbringing and cultural differences. Not all Americans are rude; they were just stereotyped as such. That is why everyone should respect and appreciate each others differences and try to learn and understand them and their culture. It is important to learn and understand them to avoid getting too offended, and to know how to react to certain situations. It also helps in getting to know and socializing with Americans instead of avoiding them for being intentionally or unintentionally rude because after all, they are humans just like everyone else. How to cite Rude American, Papers

Bread Lady free essay sample

Have you ever gone a day without bread? Imagine going to the local bakery and smelling delicious fresh made scones. But, what happens to the bakery at the end of the night? I work at Gagliano’s Market and throw away garbage bags full of delicious bakery when I close at night. The waste bothers me, knowing how many people are without food. I thought, What can I do possibly do to change this? I discussed this with my parents, who are social workers. My mom said, â€Å"I go to the Lauer Center every week and the children there could use and share the bakery with their families.† For the past year, on Monday nights I pick up the bakery and my mom delivers it to the Lauer Center every Tuesday morning. Whenever they see her, the kids all say, â€Å"The bread lady is here!† A big difference can start from a little effort to make our world a better place. We will write a custom essay sample on Bread Lady or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Starting in Waukesha and who knows how far the difference will spread. Now they don’t have to worry about a day without bread.

Deutsche Bank And Bankers Trust Merger Essay Example

Deutsche Bank And Bankers Trust Merger Paper Germany scores 40 what means that German society is rather restraint in comparison with more free American society which scores 68 In uncertainty avoidance, the Germans score 65 while the Americans score 46, meaning that Germans try more to avoid risk and anxiety, while Americans neither seek nor avoid ambiguous situations. Despite the differences there is also something in common, for example: In spite of the fact that there is an obvious difference between two ultras in the individualism scale (G 67, U 91), both of them are actually considered to be individualistic and focus on personal independence, individual rights, personal time, freedom and challenge. The power distance scale (G 35, IS 40) shows that both cultures are not very comfortable with control and structured hierarchical levels and prefer participative communication. And we also can see that masculinity is also a common feature. For The Germans and the Americans performance is highly valued. People rather live in order to work and draw a lot of self-esteem from their tasks. So now well proceed to analyzing how this dimensions influenced the merger itself. Individualism Beechnute Its an interesting fact that before having been acquired the Bankers Trust had not been integrated properly with the oldest US investment bank Alex Brown. That integration acquisition process was problematic in terms of merging the staff from both organizations with different and contrasting management styles. We will write a custom essay sample on Deutsche Bank And Bankers Trust Merger specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Deutsche Bank And Bankers Trust Merger specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Deutsche Bank And Bankers Trust Merger specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer One reason for this was the failure on the part of the Bankers Trust to appreciate the culture of their new acquisition. So the employees of the Alex Brown felt that they lost their identity. Therefore, an important strategic target for the Deutsche Bank was to gain the Alex Brown employees confidence and trust. As a consequence, the company in the USA was then named the Deutsche- Alex Brown Investment Bank. As a consequence Of this important decision Alex Browns identity was kept and also the brand was reinforced in the market and among clients. Y Bank employees felt that the Deutsche Bank had rescued them from Bankers Trust and they had actually kept their identity. (catboat) As weve already said for both cultures the respect of individual and his rights is very important. So, during the due diligence period, the Deutsche Bank executive group decided to undertake a cultural assessment exercise which was designed to find out not only the acquired companys assets, but the feelings and thoughts of the people involved in it. This exercise uncovered the fears, misapplications and the concerns of the employees. As the result employees of the acquired company could see that their opinion actually mattered which can also indicate a low rate of power distance, speaking of which we can also mention the fact that Deutsche Bank appointed John Ross as the head of the integration process. Ross had been Treasurer of Deutsche Bank but also had been Chief Executive for the Asia-Pacific region. Importantly for the integration of Bankers Trust, Ross was an American and had previously had a 21 -year career with the Bank of New York so he was able to understand Bankers Trust as well as anyone. Therefore we can see that the managers of the Deutsche Bank actually cared about what the representatives of the acquired bank thought and that is one Of the things that actually influenced the success of the merger. Masculinity The integration teams tasks also included ensuring the key managers would to leave the new organization following the signing of the deal. An incident occurred that presented a real threat to this happening. In the words of one of the top managers: Just right after the closing deal, one of G Bank competitors tried to poach a whole industry team, the entire industry 1 00 people. And over a week-end the integration team made a very radical and quick decision which resulted in G Bank keeping 75% of that team The Retention Programmer Retention for A Bank employees. A quite sizeable program, CSS$ 500 million was set aside to encourage A Banks key employees o stay in the organization.

Ethics and the “War on Terrorism” Essay Example

Ethics and the â€Å"War on Terrorism† Essay Example Ethics and the â€Å"War on Terrorism† Essay Ethics and the â€Å"War on Terrorism† Essay 1. The definition of terrorism is problematic. How does this affect our view of terrorism? a. There exist a number of â€Å"official† and legal definitions as well as those suggested by researchers and commenter’s. Some explanations of the meaning of terrorism focus only on terrorism cared out by individuals and groups and ignore state terrorism altogether, others emphasize the political objective of terrorist acts, and still other frame terrorist acts of criminal events and downplay the political motivations. One clearly understood factor amongst all of these approaches is that terrorism is a method or means of achieving by objective. 2. Which is the better approach- to treat terrorism as a criminal activity or to fight terrorists as if they were enemies in a war? Explain. a. Terrorist are motivated by political objectives, and while criminals employ violence (often similar to that of terrorists like kidnapping, murder, arson) to achieve their ends, their motivation is quite different from that of terrorist, because of criminals commonly act solely to secure a material gain. . The U. S. administration has indicated that the War on Terrorism will continue until terrorism is ultimately defeated. Given that the War on Terrorism is neither a metaphorical as like those concerning crime, poverty, and drugs, nor a conventional war, it generates a set of moral questions about how it should be conducted. 3. Does the Patriot Act give the executive branch of government too much power in pursuing ter rorism? What effect does the exercise of that power have on civil rights in the United States? a. The Patriot Act of 2001, sought to enhance national security through what had previously been regarded as generic crime control measures. It introduce more than 1,000 provisions concerning surveillance on financial transactions and border control, as well as new criminal offenses and penalties against terrorism. The acted is targeted at non-U. S. citizen terrorists, was formulated to augment national security, and both conceptually and in policy terms is outside the conventional parameters of crime control legislation. b. Crime control measures of the conventional kind such as increased penalties for offenses are integrated into the criminal justice system. In the War on Terrorism however, the criminal justice system has been judged inadequate or inappropriate. Thus, while the U. S. considers itself â€Å"at war,† it does not regard many of those taken prisoners in threat war as prisoners of war who are to be treated in accordance with the rules laid down in the Geneva Conventions, especially treatment of combats captured during an interactional armed conflict and with civilians who are involved in the armed conflict. . What measures should a democratic government take to respond to terrorism that are consistent with its ethical responsibilities? a. Democracy can respond to terrorism without destroying the values for which it stands. The position between those who argue in absolutist terms that no restrictions on rights ought to be imposed or justified and those advocating a consequentiality ap proach who judge counterterrorist measure purely by their effectiveness. Prohibit certain torture, illegal detention, and unlawful assassination on the basis that they violate â€Å"foundational commitments to justice and dignity. † Democracies commonly permit derogations from guaranteed rights and freedoms in emergencies, so rights do not always trip other considerations like national security, but ultimately, in his view, it is the task of the courts, the media, and the legislators to scrutinize such measures for justifiability. 5. Is it ever ethically acceptable to torture a person in the War on Terrorism? Explain. . Title 18, section 2340 of the US Code defines torture as â€Å"an act committed by a person acting under the color of law specifically intended to inflict severe physical or mental pain or suffering (other than pain or suffering incidental to lawful sanctions) upon another person within his custody or physical control. † Torture is a federal crime punishable by up to 20 years in prison and even death if the victim dies follow ing the torture. This applies to torture committed outside the United States but includes acts by the US citizens. b. Even an act utilitarian would be unable to justify torture in practice and that a rule utilitarian approach would expressly prohibit torture in principle on the same basis that would cause a state to prohibit the practice of assassination. To torture a human being is to treat him or her not as a moral person but as an object, and according to Ronald Dworkin, a â€Å"core list of human rights† would include the right not to be tortured. 6. What, if any, human rights should be suppressed in the interests of winning the War on Terrorism, and how would suppressing these rights contribute toward â€Å"victory†? . the events of 9/11 have prompted some to argue that torture is justified as a national security counterterrorist measure in the interest of defending democracy. For example, torture might be applied and regulated by the judiciary through a â€Å"torture warrant† that would prescribe the kinds of torture to be inflicted and its limits and the federal Judge Ric hard Posner has written that anyone who doubts torture â€Å"is permissible when the stakes are high enough should not be in a position of responsibility. †

A Common Question Recruiters Ask Prospective Candidates is How They Essay

A Common Question Recruiters Ask Prospective Candidates is How They Would Motivate Their Staff - Essay Example Introduction The success of any business primarily relies upon the performance of its staffs. They are treated as the vital resources of any organisation which tend to yield high productivity through their performances. For staffs or employees, motivation acts as a key towards enhancing their performances. Motivation is a force which encourages employees to render their best effort towards the job. This motivation can only be achieved when the requirements of employees are satisfied. These requirements can differ from person to person as every person has their personal needs which can help to inspire toward high performance and thus yield high productivity. It has often been argued in this context that effective motivation is one of the prime reasons which prompt certain positive behavioural aspects amid employees. Although motivation is regarded as a crucial factor for success of business, there are certain debaters who attempt contradicting this explanation. In broader terms, motiv ation is believed to be the determination to perform better. Motivated people are identified to commonly exhibit energy and enthusiasm in the work procedure. Based on this notion, the paper will describe motivation of people from different perspectives. The objective of the paper is to understand the aspects which can help to stimulate employees towards higher performance. Application of different theories along with challenges and success factors for motivation of employees has been illustrated in the discussion henceforth. 2.0. Literature Review 2.1. Traditional Motivational Theories There are three most commonly applied motivational theories which were developed in traditional period namely, ‘Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory’, ‘Hertzberg’s two factor theory’, and ‘Theory X and Theory Y’. Maslow had proposed that employees have different set of requirements through his Need Hierarchy Theory. He had identified five kinds of needs t o be effective for any and every individual from a generalised point of view which included ‘psychological needs’, ‘safety needs’, ‘social needs’, ‘esteem needs’, and ‘self-actualisation needs’. However, the earnestness of these different needs is likely to vary from person to person. In this regards, Maslow had described that when one need is fulfilled, the other need arises. Hence, the urge for satisfying different needs drive employees toward more effort. Thus, accomplishment of different needs can help to motivate employees toward higher performance in an organisation (Bryson, 2006). Fredric Herzberg had developed two aspects namely ‘motivators’ and ‘hygiene’ factors which certainly creates an impact on motivation of staffs. Hertzberg believed that there are certain aspects which result in satisfaction of staffs and certain other aspects which inhibit dissatisfaction amid them. According t o him, the hygiene aspects are essential for existence of motivation in the workplace. Although hygiene aspects do not result in positive satisfaction for long run, it is vital for preventing displeasure among employees. In other words, hygiene aspects are extrinsic factors in the job. Alternatively, motivational aspects can generate satisfaction for employees to a considerable extent. These aspects are fundamental in nature and motivate employees for providing superior performance on a consistent basis. Motivator aspects are often termed as satisfiers and represent the

Puritan Heritage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Puritan Heritage - Essay Example Such features as industriousness, desire to get knowledge, as well as restraint and adherence to morality are regarded as the features inherent to the Puritan conscience. To my mind, many value conflicts that are observed in the field of modern education cannot be properly investigated without understanding historical heritage. I think that similarities that unite both parts of the nation are partly defined by the legacy of the Puritans, so it is necessary to observe this heritage in its historical perspective, because it influenced many aspects of nation's development. I suppose that using experience of the past is necessary to forge out effective strategies for future successful progress, so understanding the sources of the mentality is extremely important for many sciences, and I find this issue to be important for educational discourse at the moment. Some facts described below will prove that the Puritans influenced both the characters and minds of the nation in the process of it s development. The Puritans were aware that the level of economical and political prosperity depends upon educational level of populati

Tax Breaks as Spending Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tax Breaks as Spending - Article Example The tax code in the United States also offers help by giving parents tax breaks to pay for child care. A reduction in the taxes families has to pay puts more money in the hands of American citizens. There is a tax break that exists that allows parents to put aside $5,000 to pay for child care. Those wages escape the burden of being taxable income. The effect of this tax break for people that are in the 25% tax bracket is $1,250 a year in savings, while parents in the 39.6% tax bracket are able to save $1,980. The Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit provide families with a tax credit of up to $6,000 to cover eligible child-care expenses. These two tax breaks have the effect of saving American families $3.1 billion in taxes. The use of direct subsidies benefits more low-income families, while tax breaks target middle income and upper-income households. A second major way in which the government gives back to the community is through student aid. The subsidy mechanism that is used to he lp out students of low-income families is the Pell Grant. On the tax side, there are numerous credits and deductions for education purposes that benefit middle and upper-income families. Not all tax breaks are considered spending. For instance, the lower tax rate on dividends is not considered spending. The reason for the lower tax rate on dividends is to offset the effect of double taxation. It is estimated that nearly 67% of all tax breaks in the United States are a form of spending in disguise.... The Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit provide families with a tax credit of up to $6,000 to cover eligible child-care expenses. These two tax breaks have the effect of saving American families $3.1 billion in taxes. The use of direct subsidies benefit more low income families, while tax breaks target middle income and upper income households. A second major way in which the government gives back to the community is through student aid. The subsidy mechanism that is used to help out students of low income families is the Pell Grant. On the tax side there are numerous credits and deductions for education purposes that benefit middle and upper income families. Not all tax breaks are considered spending. For instance the lower tax rate on dividends is not considered spending. The reason for the lower tax rate on dividends is to offset the effect of double taxation. It is estimated that nearly 67% of all tax breaks in the United States are a form of spending in disguise. The article pro vides a very interesting discussion about the effect of tax breaks and subsidies in America. Most people do not realize that the government is hiding its spending through the tax code. The actions of the government should be praised since the government is looking for ways to help out poor people and provide social justice. A more detailed discussion about the effect the government’s strategy has on the national deficit would have made this article better. Barack Obama has to negotiate a deal with the Republicans to ensure the economic future of the nation. It is imperative for the government to continue to help out poor parents that can not afford child care. These types of incentives allow a lot of people to join the

Importance of Meeting Child Individual Needs

Importance of Meeting Child Individual Needs UNIT 1: A UNIQUE CHILD EXPLAIN THE BENEFITS FOR CHILDREN WHEN THIER INDIVIDUAL NEEDS ARE MET CHILD DEVELOPMENT Every child is a unique individual with their own characteristics and temperament. Development is a continuous complex interaction of environmental and genetic factors in which the body, brain and behavior become more complex Babies and children mature at different rates and at different times in their lives Babies and children are vulnerable and become resilient and confident if they have support from others early relationships strongly influence how children develop and having close relationships with carers is very important A SKILFUL COMMUNICATOR Babies are especially interested in other people and in communicating with them using eye contact, crying, cooing and gurgling to have ‘conversations’ Babies and children are sociable and curious, and they explore the world through all their senses. Babies and children develop their competence in communicating through having frequent, enjoyable interactions with the people, in contexts that they understand. Children learn to communicate in many ways, not just by talking, but also in a non-verbal ways such as gestures, facial expressions and gaze direction, in drawing, writing and singing, and through dance, music and drama. A COMPETENT LEARNER Babies come into the world ready to learn and are especially tuned to learn from other people and the cultural and material environment. Play and other imaginative and creative activities help children to make sense of their experience and ‘transform’ their knowledge, fostering cognitive development. Language, thinking and learning are interlinked, they depend on and promote each others development. What children can do is the starting point for learning. Children learn better by doing, and by doing things with other people who are more competent, rather than just being told. EFFECTIVE PRACTICE Understand the process involved in babies’ and children growth, development and learning. Support babies and children to develop a positive sense of their own identity and culture, this helps them to develop a positive self-image. Encourage, listen and respond to babies and children’s communications, both non-verbal and verbal. Acknowledge the different ways in which babies and children learn, and be aware that learning is a process that cannot be rushed. Recognise that babies and children attitudes and dispositions to learning are influenced by the feedback of others. DESCRIBE HOW THE PRINCIPLES OF ANTI DISCRIMINATORY PRACTICE CAN BE APPLIED TO PRACTICE CHILDRENS ENTITLEMENTS All children are citizens and have rights and entitlements. Children should be treated fairly regardless of race, religion or abilities. This applies no matter. What they think or say; What type of family they come from; What language (s) they speak; What their parents do; Whether they are girls or boys; Whether they have a disability or whether they are rich or poor. All children have a equal right to be listened to and valued in the setting EQUALITY AND DIVERSITY All children have a need to develop, which is helped by exploring and discovering the people and things around them. Some children’s development may be at risk, for example Children who are disabled and those with special educational needs; Those from socially excluded families, such as the homeless or those who live with a parent who is disabled or has a mental illness; Children from traveller communities, refugees or asylum seekers and those live diverse linguistic backgrounds. All children are entitled to enjoy a full life in conditions which will help them take part in society and develop as an individual, with their own cultural and spiritual beliefs. Practitioners ensure that their own knowledge about different cultural groups is up to-date and consider their own attitudes to people who are different from themselves. Attached: Playroom Day Nursery’s Inclusion and Equal Opportunities policy PROMOTING ANTI DISCRIMINATION PRACTICE LEGISLATION There are various pieces of legislation in place to promote equality and reduce discrimination. These include the Disability Discrimination Act 2005. The Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001, the Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000, Convention on the rights of the child (UN, 1989), The Human Rights Act 1998, The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 (as amended), Employment Equality ( Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003, the Equality Act 2010. The aim of this legislation is to promote equality of opportunity for all, regardless of age, sex, sexuality, disability, race, religion or any other difference. However, whilst legislation is important because it protects people, the one thing it cannot do is change people’s attitudes Everyone has internalised layers of expectation based on personal upbringing and experiences that operate on a conscious and subconscious level. A key worker acknowledging the extent of the baggage that they may bring to an environment is a vital first step along the road to anti discriminatory practice. PUTTING INTO PRACTICE Anti discriminatory practice can be defined as an approach to working with young children that promotes Diversity and the valuing of all differenced A setting whose practice is anti discriminatory will celebrate and value differences in identities, cultures, religions, abilities and social practices. Self esteem and positive group identity A setting will recognise the impact of discrimination, the social inequalities and their effect on young children and their families. Such a setting will identify and remove practices and procedures that discriminate. Fulfilment of individual potential A setting will value children and adults for their individuality and ensure a sense of belonging that promotes self esteem. It will respect where children come from, what they achieve and what they bring to the learning situation. The full participation of all groups in society A setting will appreciate the importance of what is learned and what can be unlearned in the early years and recognise the wider aim of early education to lay the foundations of a more just and equitable society. Early years practitioners also need to assess the discrimination that occurs in society and their own setting (consciously or subconsciously) and the effect it has on the children. In Practice Moving towards successful anti discriminatory practice involves Understanding that diversity is inclusive and that we all have cultural backgrounds and multiple indignities that are derived from various sources, including our families, our peer groups and out own unique set of individual experiences Examining our personal prejudices and how they operate, and committing ourselves to ‘unlearning’ our prejudices Promoting positive values for families, communities and staff Gathering a repertoire of strategies to ensure settings are welcoming, non threatening and stimulating places be, where children and families are valued because of their differences and not in spite of them Developing the awareness, confidence, skill and knowledge to challenge and educate effectively, for example, the child who thinks black skin is dirty or the staff member who makes assumptions about a disabled child’s inability to join in and activity Involving everyone in dynamic and constructive dialogue and process Constantly monitoring, evaluating and adjusting practice and procedures Flexible thinking Among the attributes that we especially need to develop and strengthen are assertiveness, the ability to communicate effectively and the ability to empathise with others, The aim of anti discriminatory practice is not to generate discomfort, conflict or negativity, although we may well encounter these feelings along the way. Treating children the same isnt the same things as treating them equally. To treat children equally we have to recognise that society does not provide a level playing field and we may have to take a variety of unequal factors into account to meet their universal entitlement as future citizens. All children stand to benefit from enabling, ensuring environment where achievements are valued in the broadest possible terms and individual potential is respected Anti discriminatory practice strives towards all the children and the adults in a setting developing and maintaining high self esteem and being proud of where they come from One important rule is not to expect to find easy or right answers to everything. This is an area where a little knowledge, if generally applied, can be as dangerous as none at all. While some knowledge can be desirable and useful, it is counter productive if it leads us to assume, fro example, that families from a particular culture or religion will have identical interpretation or application of this ideas, or that one child with Downs syndrome or cerebral palsy will have much the same needs or (dis)abilities as another. This process which involves getting to know people and children on a personal and professional basis and avoiding pre judgement and fixed expectations. This approach will often demand creative and individual solutions. DESCRIBE WHY IT IS IMPORTANT TO PLAN ACTIVITIES THAT MEET THE INDIVIDUAL NEEDS OF CHILDREN As every child is different, it is important to think about, plan for, and interact with the individual, as well as the group as whole. Considering the range of children’s styles, social interactions an personalities. Some are quiet; others are noisy Some like to spend time by themselves; others are the life of the party Some are shy; others are outgoing Some are active; others are quiet Some enter into new situations easily; others like to stand back and watch You need to ensure children are confident, happy and engaged in learning, their individual needs must be met. You have to be constantly alert and responsive. The importance of meeting individual needs is well established in recent guidelines for early childhood practitioners. The English curriculum Guidance For The foundation Stage (GGFS) states that we should ‘ensure that all children feel included, secure and valued’ and ‘treat children as individuals’ Practitioners tune into children through observing them, interacting with them and listening to what their parents/carers have to say about them. EXPLAIN HOW THE PRACTITIONER CAN PROMOTE CHILDREN’S PHYSICAL AND EMOTIONAL WELL-BEING WITHIN AN EARLY YEARS SETTING Personal, Social and Emotional development are three building blocks of future success in life. They are close linked to each other and often bracketed together as one area of learning and development. Personal development- how we come to understand who we are and what we can do, how we look after ourselves. Social development- how we come to understand ourselves in relation to others, how we make friends, understand the rules of society and behave towards others. Emotional development- how we come to understand our own and other’s feelings and develop our ability to ‘stand in someone elses shoes and see things from their point of view Practitioners work hard to ensure that children are happy in their learning and development and it helps children if parents are genuine partners with practitioners. All Saints primary school and Playrooms Nursery use (SEAL) Social and Emotional Aspects of learning. WHAT IS SEAL Seal is a school programme that support schools and plans to help children and young people to develop social and emotional skills. They are also essential for all adults and are important for early-years practitioners and staff in schools. HOW DOES IT WORK When a school/Nursery implements SEAL it will consider all aspects of school life and consider how social and emotional skills can be promoted. This might involve reviewing several school policies developing learning opportunities that ‘explicitly help children to learn the skills and to apply them. (www.bandapilot.org.uk) website with ideas for assemblies, staff development activities, learning opportunities a guidance booklet and resources to use across the school day Children must be provided with experiences and support which help them to develop a positive sense of themselves and of others, respect for others; Social skills, and a positive disposition to learn. EARLY SUPPORT It is important to identify the need for additional support as early as possible. Without it children will not get the help they need at the right time, in the way that is right for them. Early support for children includes listening to families and taking part in a sensitive two-way exchange of information. For children with the most severe and complex additional support needs you need to plan jointly with everyone who is in contact with the child. This will coordinate support and promote learning as effectively as possible. Knowing when and how to call in specialist help is one important element of inclusive practice. EFFECTIVE PRACTICE Encourage children to recognise their own unique qualities and the characteristics they share with other children. Make sure that you actively promote equal opportunities and anti-discriminatory practice, ensuring that all children and families feel included, safe and valued. Ask parents whether there is need for and special services and equipment for children who ma require additional support. Support children to make friends and help them to think about what makes a good friend. Ensuring the needs of every child are fully met, even when temporarily you need to spend more time with a child who is new to the setting or whose behaviour is giving rise to concern. Keeping a focus on the child’s needs when a parent also has significant needs. Maintaining records suitable for sharing with colleagues in an inter-agency team while acting as a point of contact for a child and their family.

Health Care System :: Health, Nursing, Denial of Coverage

Today's healthcare environment is increasingly complex, as issues compete for importance. As a consequence of this, nurses frequently face ethical dilemmas. In deciding the best course of action in such dilemmas, nurses can look for guidance to professional standards of conduct, such as those enumerated in the Code of Ethics of the American Nursing Association (ANA). According to Mahlmeister (1996), each nurse should own a copy of the ANA code, as this document can provide guidance on situations that nurses face on an almost daily basis. For example, consider a situation that may result from one hospital trying to institute policies concerning cost containment. In order to keep the cost down, the nurse in charge of a 7 bed unit (without a nurse's assistance) is expected under a restructuring plan to also work a second adult ward if there are fewer than three children on the pediatric unit during the night shift (Mahlmeister, 1996). This split shift leaves these pediatric patients unattended while the nurse is in the adult ward. The ANA Code of Ethics states that it is the nurse's responsibility "to safeguard the client and the public when health care and safety are affected by incompetent, unethical or illegal practice of any person" (Mahlmeister, 1996, p. 130). Even though this nurse was ordered by a manager to leave the pediatric setting, the nurse is personally accountable for his or her actions for any situation that may arise during this absence. Not only is this practice unacceptable professionally, but it is also problematic legalistically, as the nurse could be personally sued for any negative consequences to these patients (Mahlmeister, 1996). Therefore, it is the nurse's duty to recognize these unacceptable risks and exhaust all avenues available within the hospital to correct this requirement (Mahlmeister, 1996). Another problematic area of nursing concerns the denial of coverage that often ensues due to the advent of managed care organizations (MCOs). It is becoming increasingly more difficult to reconcile the needs of the patient in terms of quality care with what insurers are willing to pay for (Rushton, 1996). For example, Maria, a 10-year-old, is hit by a car while riding her bike. She is taken to the closest emergency room, which happens to be the Children's Hospital. She has a concussion, an open fracture of the left femur, a simple fracture of the left arm, and multiple abrasions (Rushton, 1996). The closest hospital that is part of Maria's MCO plan is an adult hospital without pediatric specialists, which is located more than 25 miles from present location. Health Care System :: Health, Nursing, Denial of Coverage Today's healthcare environment is increasingly complex, as issues compete for importance. As a consequence of this, nurses frequently face ethical dilemmas. In deciding the best course of action in such dilemmas, nurses can look for guidance to professional standards of conduct, such as those enumerated in the Code of Ethics of the American Nursing Association (ANA). According to Mahlmeister (1996), each nurse should own a copy of the ANA code, as this document can provide guidance on situations that nurses face on an almost daily basis. For example, consider a situation that may result from one hospital trying to institute policies concerning cost containment. In order to keep the cost down, the nurse in charge of a 7 bed unit (without a nurse's assistance) is expected under a restructuring plan to also work a second adult ward if there are fewer than three children on the pediatric unit during the night shift (Mahlmeister, 1996). This split shift leaves these pediatric patients unattended while the nurse is in the adult ward. The ANA Code of Ethics states that it is the nurse's responsibility "to safeguard the client and the public when health care and safety are affected by incompetent, unethical or illegal practice of any person" (Mahlmeister, 1996, p. 130). Even though this nurse was ordered by a manager to leave the pediatric setting, the nurse is personally accountable for his or her actions for any situation that may arise during this absence. Not only is this practice unacceptable professionally, but it is also problematic legalistically, as the nurse could be personally sued for any negative consequences to these patients (Mahlmeister, 1996). Therefore, it is the nurse's duty to recognize these unacceptable risks and exhaust all avenues available within the hospital to correct this requirement (Mahlmeister, 1996). Another problematic area of nursing concerns the denial of coverage that often ensues due to the advent of managed care organizations (MCOs). It is becoming increasingly more difficult to reconcile the needs of the patient in terms of quality care with what insurers are willing to pay for (Rushton, 1996). For example, Maria, a 10-year-old, is hit by a car while riding her bike. She is taken to the closest emergency room, which happens to be the Children's Hospital. She has a concussion, an open fracture of the left femur, a simple fracture of the left arm, and multiple abrasions (Rushton, 1996). The closest hospital that is part of Maria's MCO plan is an adult hospital without pediatric specialists, which is located more than 25 miles from present location.

Adp Placement Papers

ADP Job Placement Paper Paper Type : Whole Testpaper Test Date : 24 October 2006 Test Location : P SRINIVAS REDDY I attended an interview for ADP The cut off % was 70% Around 150 to 250 members attended for the interview. from them they took Only 3 member The pattern of the interview is as follows 1. Written test 2. Two techinal interviews and 3.One HR WRITTEN TEST: It contained 4 sections SECTION A: verbal and Quantitative combined (40 questions 20 minutes) U should really manage the time such that u can answer both quantitative and verbal QUANTITATIVE :questions on -> profit and loss ( around 3 to 4 questions) -> boat and streams -> Alligations or Mixtures -> some on numbers †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. quotient and remainder problems etc†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Please practise RS agarwal for the quabtitativeVERBAL: It contains 10 analogies and 10 sentence completion questions If u hav pratised for GRE or GMAT, then it will be easy for. its better to Study barrons and big book SECTION B: te chnical section (20 questions 30 minutes) Around 15 to 18 questions are from C or may C++, and other related to data base concepts Practise â€Å"test ur c skills ,pointers in C† Most of the questions are related pointersSECTION C: (5 Questions , 20 minutes) In this section a big programme of around 2 to 3 pages was given and related to the Programe 5 questions are asked Please don't go through the entire programme just see the questions first and observe What part of the programme is really needed to answer that question SECTION D:(one passage , 10 minutes) Here they asked to write a passage on the topic given My topic was â€Å"My few favourite things† After the written test they short listed 30 studentsFIRST TECHNICAL INTERVIEW: Dont think technical means only technical questions, the two technical interviews were Like technical cum HR The questions asked in the first technical interview are 1. Tell me abt urself 2. Write a programme for binary seaching 3. What is a semaphore and where do we use them 4. What is meant by LRU(least recently used) 5. A puzzle 6. About ur family 7. About ur higher studies and plans for the future 8. Why adp 9. What is the diff between structures and unions 10. How we declare the variables in an union and so on†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. It went on for about 30 minutes SECOND TECHNICAL INTERVIEW: 1.Tell me about urself 2. About my family back ground 3. What is a linked list 4. What are the conditions that u put while traversing through a linked list 5. What is a computer, and what is internet. image that u are explaining this to A person who dint even see or knew what a computer really is and some other questions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ It went on for about 20 minutes HR INTERVIEW: Hr interview was very cooooool. this round was just a formality and the questions Asked were 1. Tell me abt urself 2. Ur eamcet rank(its is competitive exam) and y so big rank 3. Ur family details 4. Y ADP? 5. Will u sign a bond of 3 yrs 6.Are u interested in further education and what are ur plans regarding that 7. What companies did u attend and y u lost in those and what r the companies U r planning to attend After all these interviews they hav short listed 7 students. they dint put further Round but depending on the performance they had selected 3 students I got selected ie. , i was one of those 3 students. This was my 8 company that i had attended and at last i got the job â€Å"SO GUYS NEVER GIVE UP TRY AND TRY, ONE DAY U WILL DEFINETLY SUCCEED † For any further information regarding the interview u can contact me at P SRINIVAS REDDY

Free Essays on First Impressions

First Impressions First impressions are often formed when people observe others for the first time and use those observations to determine their personality traits. They play a very important role in human interactions because it affects people's anticipation for reactions from others. But at often times, we do not understand how first impressions are formed and are not aware of the inaccuracy of our judgments of other people. But still, first impressions are important, especially when a when you need to make a good impression for certain things like job interviews or when you want respect from someone. A good impression does not always mean you can be yourself. Many people judge you on certain things like your looks, the way you talk, based on your kind of personality, or even your race. Sometimes it might even be called criticism. For example, if a person wears glasses, you obvious think they are smart or a nerd. But for me, it's often based on how I look. When I started classes at Grove, I've already known some people in my honor classes because I've already been to Junior High with them. I don't really know them, but we often say "hi" to one another. After awhile I have become close to one of them and she admits that at first, she was surprised I was in the honors classes because of the way I dress and my wearing make-up makes me seem like the type that doesn't belong there. I also admit I thought she was so smart because she wears glasses and she's Korean. Don't be shock, it's not racism, it's only because I see that Korean people are very smart and successful. I've come to re spect her and her intelligence for who she is and how hard she works. When people meet me for the first time, I find that they are somewhat intimidated by me. I bet some people even think I'm stuck up or something because I don't smile or say hi to them all the time. It matters the way you treat people, but in my case, the way I don't treat people. T... Free Essays on First Impressions Free Essays on First Impressions First Impressions First impressions are often formed when people observe others for the first time and use those observations to determine their personality traits. They play a very important role in human interactions because it affects people's anticipation for reactions from others. But at often times, we do not understand how first impressions are formed and are not aware of the inaccuracy of our judgments of other people. But still, first impressions are important, especially when a when you need to make a good impression for certain things like job interviews or when you want respect from someone. A good impression does not always mean you can be yourself. Many people judge you on certain things like your looks, the way you talk, based on your kind of personality, or even your race. Sometimes it might even be called criticism. For example, if a person wears glasses, you obvious think they are smart or a nerd. But for me, it's often based on how I look. When I started classes at Grove, I've already known some people in my honor classes because I've already been to Junior High with them. I don't really know them, but we often say "hi" to one another. After awhile I have become close to one of them and she admits that at first, she was surprised I was in the honors classes because of the way I dress and my wearing make-up makes me seem like the type that doesn't belong there. I also admit I thought she was so smart because she wears glasses and she's Korean. Don't be shock, it's not racism, it's only because I see that Korean people are very smart and successful. I've come to re spect her and her intelligence for who she is and how hard she works. When people meet me for the first time, I find that they are somewhat intimidated by me. I bet some people even think I'm stuck up or something because I don't smile or say hi to them all the time. It matters the way you treat people, but in my case, the way I don't treat people. T...

The Feminization Of Poverty Essays - Economy, Feminist Economics

The Feminization Of Poverty Essays - Economy, Feminist Economics The Feminization Of Poverty The Origins of the Feminization of Poverty The United Nations Development Fund for Women reports that women are still the poorest of the worlds poor, representing 70% of the 1.3 billion people who live in absolute poverty. They also estimate that nearly 900 million women in the world have incomes of less than $1 a day. In the United States alone, women are about 50 percent more likely to be poor than men. The feminization of poverty in America has steadily increased since the 1950s. Researchers have investigated the reasons for this increase, citing everything from teenage pregnancy to the rise in deadbeat dads. Over the last thirty-five years there have been several trends in our society that have contributed to the feminization of poverty. In 1978, Diana Pearce published a paper citing that poverty in America was becoming more and more feminized. She cited that almost two-thirds of the poor over the age of 16 were women. Pearce also claimed that even though there were more women entering the labor force between 1950 and the mid-1970s, womens economic status had declined. She argued that the blame for this feminization of poverty belonged to the government because of their lack of support for divorced and single women. She argued, for many the price of that independence has been their pauperization and dependence on welfare (McLanahan 1). Further examination of the issue has shown that various changes in the family have contributed to the feminization of poverty. The last thirty years has seen a steady increase in the amount of children born outside of wedlock. In 1960, about six percent of all births were to unmarried couples whereas by 1996 over a third fell into this category (McLanahan 5). This influx of births to single mothers has weighed greatly on women in poverty. The statistics of children born to unmarried black couples is even more dramatic increasing from 22% in 1960 to 70% in 1996 (McLanahan 5). Most women in the lowest quintile of the population have come from generations of poverty before them and their only hope of survival is to get on their own and try to get education or job training. With the birth of children, these impoverished women now have two or three dependents to support and the cycle of poverty continues. Most of these women do not have families to support them and they are left with only one option government support. This has contributed a great deal to the rise of single mother households. Another contribution to the rise in female-headed households has been the increase in divorces. Sarah McLanahan, a researcher at Princeton University, noted that in 1950, most people remained married until they or their spouses died, but today over half of all couples end their marriages voluntarily. The divorce rate the number of divorces each year per 1,000 married women rose steadily during the first half of the twentieth century and increased dramatically after 1960. Over half of all marriages contracted in the mid-1980s were projected to end in divorce. After the marriages are ended the custody of the children almost always goes to the mother. Now the mother becomes the single provider in her family, facing a job that pays far less than the job her male counterparts have, and on top of that her needs are greater because she has custody of their children. Karen Holden and Pamela Smock noted the problems women face after their marriages have ended: Women's post-dissolution economic hardship is due to multiple interrelated factors, often only superficially coupled with the marital dissolution event. In particular, the division of labor during marriage, lower wages paid to women both during and after marriage, and the lack of adequate post-dissolution transfers to women imply that unless changes in women's work roles are mirrored by social policy initiatives and men's assumption of equal responsibility for children (both within and out of marriage), economic prospects for previously married women will remain poor (Holden 52). As single mothers, these women are thrown into unfamiliar territory, and the outcome has been a greater amount of women below the poverty threshold. With this rise in female-headed households below the poverty line has come an increase

Intimate Relationship in between Media Art and Emerging Market Dissertation

Intimate Relationship in between Media Art and Emerging Market - Dissertation Example Art is considered as a profession for a number of reasons as it involves long period of training, more concept of creatively stimulant learning and a lot of self discipline and dedication. Artists are at freedom to finish their part of work and thereby they are energetic to produce more. According to Salmon, â€Å"Creating art does require long hours and hard work, including sustained concentration and a fully conscious involvement in the activity† (Salmon, 2008, p.16). Introduction of virtual reality in emerging markets like China, Singapore and Korea in East Asia and Brazil in South America paved the way for substantiating the entry of multinational companies in the form of concept trade. The element of intellectual property was put for sale for the first time in those countries only with the aid of promotional techniques of media art. Now virtual reality is an integral part of every enterprise that produces monetarily transactions with commercial exchange of ideas between p arties involved in the trade. A larger share of equity is derived from the development of software for office operation of hospitality and service sectors and the widespread use of some of them for gaming and other entertainment such as art training and commercial designing of artistic goods. The introduction of a new idea by computer experts came in the form of social networking groups which facilitates easier mode of socializing. Now the promoters of mostly all service and hospitality business take them as their advertisement tool and reach out the people without interim promotional investments. Most of the companies are willing to invest in these countries owing to the marketing liberty and availability of intellectual resources. Critical Analysis of Media art in Emerging Markets China after realizing the possibility of intellectual property business emerged as a market for concept business at a wider range. With the abundance of Chinese notions in art, culture, architecture, med icine and sculptor, china evolved strategic reformation of traditional ideas to commercial inputs for trade. The establishment and functioning of China Millennium Museum in Beijing is the finest spot in the country to organize media art demonstrations. The objective of such enterprises is to find young talents to match the country’s requirements to set up a global platform for creative abilities. The continuous efforts of the country in promotional endeavors in computer aided artifacts and intellectual transformation helped China reach the identifiable position of an emerging market. Presently China is the largest user of computerized platforms for medicine and engineering in the world. Electronics and Telecommunication devising has been world class here and hence the country catches attention of global investors in every field of commercial value. Transformation of Chinese art of embossing scriptures on porcelain wares during the pre-republican era takes a greater edge in th e present day market. There are wide ranges of displays and sales-stalls established across different cities of the country to promote the rich culture of the ancient times with a modern outlook. Antique value

Econ Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Econ - Essay Example Such agreements become a hindrance to the free flow of goods causing global economic loss. In the current dynamic world, countries having wafer-thin comparative advantage suddenly lose the market to a rival who have entered into a PTA. The article 24 specifies that the external tariffs should not be raised when the PTA is functioning. This is precisely to prevent harm to nonmembers. During Mexican currency crisis of 1994, tariffs on 502 items were raised from 20 percent to as high as 35 percent but at the same time tariffs on US and Canada, under NAFTA continued unchanged. Even small tariffs are likely to create trade diversion when tariffs are nonexistent on members of PTA while they remain applicable on nonmembers. This trade diversion is against the very basic intent of Article 24. The basic purpose of GATT was to encourage multilateral trade through reduced trade barriers. It aims at imposing the same tariff on goods regardless of which country supplies them and that purpose is not only defeated but restricts global economy to

Book report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Book report - Essay Example hat our inability to perform simple duties such as opening doors or switching on lights does not originate from us and we are not incompetent but rather it is because the design of the product we are using does not meet human needs and also does not take into consideration principles of cognitive psychology. This book also indicates the need for developing good designs and illustrates simple steps that can be followed to achieve this. It also highlights and discusses the situations that lead to forming of bad designs. Simple things that we use daily in our lives that are perceived to be very easy to use have now proved to be quite complicated as technology advances. An example that the author gives in the book is that of a door. The different designs that have been used in different types of modern day door have made it difficult for the author to use them. The difficulties that the author experience with the door have become popular making doors which often cause confusion to be referred to as "Norman doors" the authors name. Some designs require one to push or pull the door in a given direction while for others one needs to slide the door so as to be able to open it. The first chapter of the book influences designing positively. The author talks of important but simple aspects of design that a designer needs always to put into consideration for his or her design to be effective. Designed products need to be very safe, efficient and should satisfy individuals when it comes to actual usage. The author talks about two crucial attributes of a good design. These are discoverability and understanding. The design made should enable the user to determine what actions are doable and where and how the user can carry them out; that explains discoverability. In understanding, the user of the product should be capable of knowing what it is all about and how it is meant to be used. While designing their products designers should aim for not only beauty, but also utility,

The Effects of British Colonisation on Indigenous Australians Essay Example for Free

The Effects of British Colonisation on Indigenous Australians Essay The Effects of British Colonisation on Indigenous Australians There are many effects of British colonisation on Indigenous Australians. One of the worst impacts was the loss of land. The land is the sole provider of food, medicine and other basic needs to Indigenous Australians. It is also the main part of their spiritual and cultural beliefs. The Indigenous Australians lived ‘nomadic’ lifestyles. They lived in tribes that moved around, using only what they needed, recycling what they could, and moved on when they felt that the resources at the site had been exhausted. This gave the site time to recover and recuperate, and so, their resources never ran out. To the Europeans, land stated how wealthy the owner was, and they linked land ownership with power. The more fertile land you owned, the wealthier and more powerful you were considered to be. This, of course, did not apply to all Europeans who came to Australia, as most were convicts who were given land to farm and provide food for their community. When the Europeans came to Australia, their main aim was to build another colony, as well as find another place to situate their convicts. There were many reasons for the British to build extra colonies. These reasons include politics, religion and economics. Politics plays a very important part in colonialism. Extra colonies provided status, power and influence over the settlers, for the colonizer. This power enabled other effects of colonisation to take place, e. g. the spreading of religion Religion was a vital part of everyday life for the British. They felt that they had been ‘burdened’ with the task of having to spread their faith – Christianity. When the British had come into contact with the Aboriginals, they tried to ‘save’ them by introducing them to their religion, however, the Aboriginals had their own religion – the dreamtime. Building extra colonies also provided access to more natural resources, goods for trade and opened new markets for trading around the world. This provided even more wealth, and increased the economic status of many countries. When the British had ‘invaded’, many indigenous communities were forced off their land, which they considered sacred. In the early 19th century, many settlers took vital parts of the Aboriginal land, such as waterholes and soaks. By the 1870’s, all fertile land had been distributed. Many communities were reduced to living on the borders of British owned land, or on lands that were infertile, and considered unsuitable for settlement. As a result of the loss of land, the number of Aboriginal communities and the number of Aboriginals were greatly reduced. Consequently, they lost essential resources such as food and water, as there was less land to move around in, and less time for the land to recuperate. There are many effects of British colonisation on Indigenous Australians. Some of these were good, some others were bad, but the loss of land was one of the worst. Bibliography: Retroactive 1 – stage 4, world history. First published 1999 by John Wiley and sons Australia, Ltd. Lisa-Marie Long’s excursion booklet http://www. aboriginalart. com/aboriginal_australia. html visited on the 24/11/08 http://www. skwirk. com. au/p-c_s-17_u-504_t-1361_c-5239/QLD/5/Consequences-of-British-colonisation-for-Aboriginal-People/British-colonisation-of-Australia/Colonisation-resources/power-and-exploration/SOSE/ visited on the 24/11/08.

An Analysis Of The Asian Financial Crisis

An Analysis Of The Asian Financial Crisis The miracle that was East Asia came to a sudden halt in 1997.  After growing by an annual average of more than 8%, Asian economies not only shifted to lower gear, they even reversed course.  The collapse of the Thai baht in July 1997 sparked off a massive financial and economic maelstrom in the region.  As exchange rates and stock markets plunged, foreign debt denominated in foreign currencies soared.  Many domestic firms became insolvent, interest rates skyrocketed and credits dried up as panic by domestic and international investors ensued.  Meanwhile ethnic tensions, erstwhile contained by strong economic growth, flared up again, particularly in Indonesia.  This, in a nutshell, was the 1997-1998 Asian financial crisis. Despite prompt and concerted attempts by developing countries, industrial countries and international organization to contain it, the Asian Crisis of 1997 spread to other Asian, Latin and Eastern European economies to varying degrees. In fact, this crisis put one third of the globe into recession in 1998. The crisis raised various questions regarding, not only the future of the regions economy but also about the impact of the crisis on various multinational companies and the world. Reasons Although explanations differ, most accounts now agree that the weakness of Asian financial systems was pivotal. One scenario was that, the liberalization of capital accounts and financial systems in Asia interacted with poor and inadequate regulatory structures.  This led to rapid domestic expansion, as reflected in asset price bubbles, which in turn fuelled more borrowing.  As a result, the economy was held hostage to shocks like changing investor expectations.  When external events pricked the bubble, the spiraling increase in asset inflation became a downward spiral of asset collapses. Another scenario highlights the role of short-term maturity debt and the term structure mismatch between assets and liabilities that made these economies extremely sensitive to investor expectations.  The short-term liabilities of Asian ec`onomies were very high, with someparticularly Thailand, Korea, Indonesia, and Malaysia far exceeding their liquid reserves prior to the crisis.  This made them extremely vulnerable to sudden calls for repayments. Yet another scenario emphasizes the policies of fixed exchange rates followed by Asian governments, which encouraged over borrowing and contributed to the fragility of the financial sector.  When the US dollar appreciated against major industrial currencies, the Asian economies whose currencies were pegged to the dollar also appreciated, thus worsening their export competitiveness.  Poor export performance due to lower competitiveness was compounded by weak domestic demand from Japan, and low cyclical demand for semiconductors worldwide.  This, combined with the vulnerability of Asian financial systems, changed the overly optimistic outlook on Asia.  The stage was thus set for the currency attack and financial crisis. The question still being debated, however, is what made these economies pursue policies that rendered them vulnerable to external shocks, and what economic incentives or disincentives led to the weakening of the Asian financial structure, apparently to its very core? Although much has been written about the Asian financial crisis, two competing explanations dominate the debate over the root cause of the crisis.  One story is that the Asian financial crisis was caused by a panic-induced illiquidity of capital markets, the panic hypothesis or illiquidity hypothesis.  The other story maintains that the Asian financial crisis stemmed from latent structural defects, induced by adverse incentives, which then encouraged excessive risk taking, the so-called moral hazard hypothesis. Panic Illiquidity The panic view, simply told, is that the frenzied haste to divest out of the region resulted in costly asset liquidations, asset price collapses, domestic bank runs and the drying up of credit.  According to those in this camp, economic fundamentals, including government policies in crisis countries may have been unsatisfactory, but did not warrant a crisis.  Real exchange rates, for instance, were only slightly overvalued.  Instead, the crisis occurred because of adverse shifts in market expectations.  These shifts can generally be precipitated by almost anything like the collapse of a big bank, political turmoil or lackluster export performance.  Once panic prevails, however, sound fundamentals become irrelevant.  Market expectations are therefore the key to understanding crises. What the panic hypothesis highlights is the inherent instability of international financial markets.   Structural Defects Moral Hazards The moral hazard view attempts to explain why economies like Thailand, Korea, and Indonesia reached such a level of vulnerability that they were like disasters waiting to happen.  This view maintains that the root cause of the crisis lays in the wrong economic incentivesinduced by implicit or explicit government guarantees, connections with the powers-that-be or interlocking ownership structures-which then led to over borrowing, over lending, and over-investment. In other words, the moral hazard view places bad government policies at the heart of the crisis, even though these very policies were once lauded for achieving fast growth and material improvement for so many people.  The point, however, that the moral hazard camp tries to drive home is that the vulnerability of the Asian economies resulted from the accumulation of many years of bad habits, glossed over while the going was good.  Some of these bad habits were actually residues of the industrial policies and winner-pick ing that, ironically, was thought to have propelled these economies to tiger hood. Policy Implications from the Lessons Learnt The divide between the two views extends to policy implications for a post-crisis, global financial environment.  On the one hand, the panic camps main policy focus was on reform of the international financial system, the inherent instability of which was spotlighted in the Asian crisis.  Grand proposals like the need for an international lender-of-last-resort, an international bankruptcy court, burden sharing between private creditor and borrower alike in the event of a systemic crisis, and better provision of information to minimize uncertainty, were the major policy prescriptions of panic view adherents. The moral hazard camp, on the other hand, was more concerned with removing the incentives that gave rise to economic vulnerability.  It proposed an arms length relationship between banks, instead of the old cozy relationships.  It also advocated increased transparency and improved corporate governance, as well as the strengthening of banking supervision and regulation. Most of the policy recommendations for strengthening the international financial system focused on the following: Improving Corporate Governance Improving corporate governance means addressing the bad incentives or moral hazards stemming from certain ownership structures.  In Asia, these structures include interlocking directorships between banks and firms; family-dominated, corporate ownership; ineffective legal and regulatory frameworks; and a lack of transparency and adequate disclosure rules.  These all contributed to the overleveraged characteristics of Asian corporations.  For this reason, an effective legal and regulatory framework, coupled with strict rules of transparency and disclosure, is fundamental for sound corporate governance and efforts are going on in this direction. Financial Restructuring Closely connected to corporate governance reforms is the supervision of banks and the financial sector.  In contrast to governance issues, however, this is more straightforward.  Bank restructuring, for instance, has had a slow start but has nevertheless advanced.  Solvent firms have been closed, some banks have been recapitalized, mergers are taking place, and Asian governments have established appropriate agencies to take care of foreclosed assets.  Rules on the foreign ownership of banks and financial institutions have also become more liberal, non-performing loans are finally being tackled, and securitization attempted. Financial restructuring must go hand in hand with better corporate governance and an improved regulatory and supervisory structure.  Supervision needs to be tight and strong, professional and arms length.   Regional Cooperation The imperative for maintaining the momentum of systemic and institutional restructuring lies with national governments, but there is some scope for support at the regional and international levels.  Opportunities exist, at a regional level, for East Asian governments to engage in policy consultation and to share their experiences in reforming the corporate and banking sectors.  The formation of the ASEAN Surveillance process is a significant development along these lines.  Its main purpose is to set up a monitoring and early warning system for the region, but it also provides the institutional setting where a frank exchange of views on policy directions in ASEAN can take place and where joint action, if appropriate, can be forged.   Performance of East Asian Economies and Financial Markets since the Crisis After the outburst of the crisis, East Asia recovered at an impressive pace. For those countries most affected by this financial crunch (e.g., Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and South Korea), their real GDP growth rates turned from negative in 1998 to positive in 1999 and 2000, and their currency and stock markets also largely recovered. Moreover, interest rates remained below pre-crisis levels, and inflation was well controlled for some time. In addition to the favorable domestic environment for these countries, the international economy also showed an unusually strong performance, giving East Asias economy a lift. The world GDP growth rate surpassed 4.1% in 2000, more than twice the rate of 1998; and the international trade growth rate reached 11% in 2000, more than twice the rate of 1999. Two major factors appeared to explain this fast recovery: Strong U.S. economic growth and currency value. Net cash inflows in foreign direct investment and current account surplus of crisis-hit countries. Factors Contributing to Recovery Following factors appeared to contribute towards the recovery from the crisis: Strong economic growth and solid currency value of the U.S.: The economic growth and the rising import demand of the U.S. generated a positive shock and exerted a strong influence on East Asian emerging economies. We note that the U.S. recorded a strong GDP expansion after the crisis, with growth rates of 4.5% in 1997, 4.3% in 1998, and 3.8% in 1999, and the value of U.S. dollar exhibited an upward trend in those three years. Stimulated by an expanding economy and currency appreciation, the domestic demand for import went up strongly in the U.S. throughout the post-crisis period, creating tremendous export opportunities for East Asian economies. Net cash inflows in FDI and current account: In 1996, the net direct investment and other capital accounts were in surplus, while the current account was in deficit. After the crisis, massive foreign capital fled East Asia. The deficit of capital account was large, which further contributed to the instability in this region. How-ever, the net direct investment remained in surplus and the outflow in capital account slowed down considerably in 1999. In addition, the current account reversed from deficit to surplus after the crisis largely due to increasing ex-ports to the U.S. The overall cash flow balance turned from negative to positive in 1998 because of the sizable surplus in current account and the net inflows in capital account. Hence, the net cash inflows in 1998, 1999, and 2000 have helped the crisis-hit countries build up substantial foreign reserves. Conclusion The Asian crisis was an eye-opener.  The Achilles heel of the Asian economies, their financial systems finally gave in after years of excess.  What caused the financial systems to give way is still a matter of academic debate. A pragmatic reading of the crisis suggests that the bulk of the policy responses had to be carried out on the home front.  It is imperative that domestic reforms focus on both systemic and institutional restructuring.  Asia clearly needed and needs to change continuously.  It needs to be open to the West and the Western style of business, from the provision of information to business relationships.  Domestic efforts should also be supported by regional and international mechanisms.

Boston Massacre :: essays research papers

The town of Boston was a very uneasy city throughout the 1760's. This uneasiness quickly turned to belligerence in the early part of 1770. Tensions had been mounting from the beginning of the year with various clashes between British sympathizers and colonists. However, in early March the tensions erupted into bloodshed. On March 5, 1770 a small group of colonists were up to their usual sport of tormenting British soldiers. By many accounts there was a great deal of taunting that eventually lead to an escalation of hostilities. The sentry in front of the Custom House eventually lashed out at the colonists which brought more colonists to the scene. In fact, someone began ringing the church bells which usually signified a fire. The sentry called for help, setting up the clash which we now call the Boston Massacre. A group of soldiers led by Captain Thomas Preston came to the rescue of the lone sentry. Captain Preston and his detachment of seven or eight men were quickly surrounded. All attempts to calm the crowd proved useless. At this point, the accounts of the event vary drastically. Apparently, a soldier fired a musket into the crowd, immediately followed by more shots. This action left several wounded and five dead including an African-American named Crispus Attucks. The crowd quickly dispersed, and the soldiers went back to their barracks. These are the facts we do know. However, many uncertainties surround this important historical event: Did the soldiers fire with provocation? Did they fire on their own? Was Captain Prescott guilty of ordering his men to fire into a crowd of civilians?

The Salvation Army and Stakeholder Governance

As a registered charity and religious institution, the Salvation Army has been in existence for quite a long time. Though some organizations waited for the government to formulate laws that governed the use of public money, practices of transparency, financial disclosure and accountability have been engraved in their procedures even before that (Institute of policy studies, 2010). External stakeholders in the institution are found in the organization. Stakeholders in the organisation are not owners in any aspect and neither do they work in the organization but partner with the organisation in ventures that are of interest to both of them. They are called external stakeholders. Being part of the projects the stakeholders have expectations on the information they should get from the institution regarding the finance they contribute and the activities that are undertaken (Bhatia, 2007). Financial disclosures in terms of balance sheets and income statements are important to the stakeholders especially since they contribute to the kitty of the events or activities that are carried out. Salvation Army gives disclosures not only to the external but also to the public quarterly and incorporates it in the annual report. This is to show what the organization realised or achieved with the finance (Mullins, 2005). Accountability is yet another value that the stakeholders can expect from the institution. Giving details of how the money was spent and who was involved is the main objective of the value. Members of the organisation believe that they owe the Almighty God accountability and do so through financial reporting to the stakeholders and other key personnel (Bhatia, 2007). Transparency is the ultimate crown for the flawless use of resources and execution of plans. In the values of the Salvation Army, this is not left out. It reveals honesty, creates good relation between the involved parties, and is a practice of Christian code of conduct (Mullins, 2005). REFERENCES Bhatia, S.K. (2007). Management of Non-Profit Organisations. New Delhi: Deep & Deep Publications. Institute of policy studies. (2010). Defining social impact. Retrieved on 18th August 2010 Mullins, L. J. (2005). Management and organisational behaviour. New York, NY: Prentice Hall/Financial Times.