Effect of Interventions on Infant Mortality Rates - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1272 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY Introduction The information provided in this article and the data have mainly dealt with the birth and infant death that has been provided by the CDC(center for disease control) and NCHS (preventions national center for health statistics).   The information presented in the database links the death certificate and the death certificate for any child born and dies in America. The main reason for having the data relation was to provide enough and sufficient sources of the information. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Effect of Interventions on Infant Mortality Rates" essay for you Create order For the 1-year-old infants, the mortality rate that was calculated per 100,000 cause of death for live births and other determinants was 1,000 live births. The information pertaining the reasons for the death was grouped in accordance to the Tenth Revision of International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems.Leading CODs were ranked using the conventions outlined by NCHS and described in detail else here. Research lacks long-term assessments of adherence regarding education provided within hospital settings (Nettles, 2005). Other limitations were a lack of randomized sample (Christofides, 2005), (Columbia Herrmann, 2010), (Marshall, 1996). Samples were limited to high-risk women only (Lee, Ayers, Holden, 2012), and studies were predominately surveyed in urban communities (Revi et al., 2014). Systematic reviews were utilized due to minimal research regarding interventions to reduce infant mortality within the restricted time frame (Macdorman Mathews, 2008). Overall, systematic reviews were useful in identifying interventions for child mortality, and health care workers are familiar with education topics to discuss with different populations. However, systematic reviews were not helpful when trying to obtain statistics and effectiveness of research interventions. Research Questions The PICOT study question in this assessment is: does the effort of helping the infants and the mothers at risk produce any fruits of success in the first year of the babys life in the United States of America? The risk factor issues and preventative measures are enhanced to ensure the successful follow-up and maintenance of these problems. The detailed studies had to be done to accomplish the understanding of this field to enable proper precautions have been put into considerations.It has also ensured the effectiveness of the system hence guarantee the reduction of the infant mortality rate. Description of the Participants Some limitations were experienced throughout the program study. The research involved singleton babies only (Mason, Humphreys, Kent, 2004). The study lacked the long-term monitoring and evaluation of an attachment regarding education provided within hospital settings. There was also lack of randomized sampling. Samples that were available were limited to high-risk women only, and the studies were also based on the survey in urban communities. Systematic reviews were utilized due to minimal research regarding interventions to reduce infant mortality within the restricted time frame. Overall, systematic reviews were useful in identifying interventions for child mortality, and health care workers are familiar with education topics to discuss with different populations (Brown Wissow, 2009). However, systematic reviews were not helpful when trying to obtain statistics and effectiveness of research interventions. Instrumentation Levels of evidence varied with different research studies. 43% of the research articles were Level Six: Single Descriptive or Qualitative studies. Twenty-eight percents (28%) were Level Five and Systematic Reviews of Descriptive and Qualitative Studies. Cohort and Case Control studied at Level Four and made up 14% of the reviews. Finally, 9% of the studies generated from Level Three evidence. Controlled Trials without Randomization and Randomized Control Trials accounted 6% of Level Two evidence based practice. Sample sizes ranged from five (MacCallum, Widaman, Zhang, Hong, 1999) to 1,335,471 subjects (Stockwell Peterson, 2002). Half of the studies were conducted at single sites, while 35% included multiple states. Fifteen percent of the studies were conducted nationwide. Overall, studies providing education on reducing unsafe behaviors such as smoking, substance use, and lack of contraceptive use began to show that safe sleep increased along with patient compliance. Promoting heal thy outcomes by increasing health behaviors should decrease IMR, and it is evident that with the corporation from the patients and all the environment,  Ã‚   lower rates of these problems are experienced. Ethical Cznsiderations The current state of research continues to showcase IMRs throughout counties, states, and Nations. The Research has been focused on finding the risk- factors related to infant mortality, but more intervention studies about maintenance and long-term effects need to be conducted to support the practice. Hospitals are major locations for creating awareness among the patient and also for the researchers to doing their research (Zawadzka, 2002). New and major topics of discussion are happening in the facilities among the many workers, and the families that are immediate compliance is noted in research to evaluate efficacy. Other new interventions in reducing infant mortality include centering and inter-birth spacing. Research has begun to assess the effect of patient education and prevention. Both responses are explained below. CHAPTER 4. DATA COLLECTION, ANALYSIS, AND RESULTS Introduction Infant mortality is prevalent in the United States especially for children below the age of one. However, several interventions have been made to reduce the rate of infant mortality in the United States. The research, therefore, was to find out whether the interventions reduced infant mortalities depending on the statistics obtained from the national bureau as well as from a few selected hospitals. Data Collection Procedures The study will seek to collect the data from the statistics of infant mortalities from the national bureau of statistics and deduce conclusions based on the trends from the statistics. Also, some of the data about infant mortalities will be collected from a few selected hospitals where the cause of death of the babies can easily be determined. This is to verify the credibility of the systems in place and also to enhance the success of the study. Information will be obtained by different means including the observation of the institutions. This will ensure that first-hand information has been collected providing quality information. The application of questionnaire also will be utilized to ensure that data has been gathered from the different sectors, this will be directed to the patients and the health officials. Confidentiality will be one of the key priority for the people that shall be involved in the data collection (Bourke Wessely, 2008). Data Analysis and Results From the results, it can be known whether SIDS or suffocation is what leads to the majority of infant deaths. Other factors that will be taken into account in the analysis will be the weather premature births led to the many deaths of children in the United States. The contribution of teen pregnancies and level of education will also be analyzed to determine their role from the statistics obtained from the hospitals. A different method of data preparations will be utilized to make the best out of the study research. This will enhance the understanding of the possible outcomes. The use of the graphs and charts will be utilized to realize this activity application of tables also will be among the analysis methods. Figure 1; Major Causes of Infant Deaths. From the above diagram, the level of premature birth is high, and it accounts for 58% of the total number of the infants death. This is much far greater than the level of education factor that only accounts for 9%. This gives a clear understanding that there is enough and qualified personnel to conduct the services of the child birth. Levels of evidence varied with different research studies. 43% of the research articles were Level Six: Single Descriptive or Qualitative studies. Twenty-eight percents (28%) were Level Five and Systematic Reviews of Descriptive and Qualitative Studies. Cohort and Case Control studied at Level Four and made up 14% of the reviews. Finally, 9% of the studies generated from Level Three evidence. Controlled Trials without Randomization and Randomized Control Trials accounted 6% of Level Two evidence based practice

Morals Or Blood Bond By William Faulkner - 1446 Words

Morals or Blood Bond Barn Burning (1939), is an astonishing short story written by William Faulkner. This story is about not only the struggles between rich and poor, but also the story of Sarty’s transformation into manhood. In the story he had to choose whether to do what was right by his own morals or to do right by his father because of the blood bond they shared. After the long lasting struggle between his father’s authority and his own idea of justice Sarty finally chose to confidently follow his own standards of justice, which shows him taking his next steps into manhood. From an early age we are taught to respect our parents and elders decisions whether they are right or wrong. In this story, Sarty debates whether or not he†¦show more content†¦This action shows cowardice and silence lies in his fear of betraying his father. Abner Snopes, Sarty’s father, had an outrageous amount of anger towards the rich and to express his anger towards them he t aught Sarty how to make threats and violate others legal property. Although, Abner’s burning of the barn had been his way of fighting against the inequality in the southern society, this does not make it acceptable. Sarty is only ten and has not yet set standards for his own moral code, therefore all he knows is what he has been taught. His father has taught him to be a man in the light of his criteria. â€Å"You are getting to be a man. You got to learn. You got to learn to stick to your own blood or you ain’t going to have any blood stick to you† (Faulkner, pg. 803). Sarty believes that what his father is telling him has to do with family responsibility and agrees with him. Sarty is still young and because of this he does what his father says and keeps quiet about the crime his father has committed. Although, Sarty does see all the great his father has done fighting against the inequality of the Southern Society, he also notices the odd and the wrong in his fa ther’s behavior and decisions. At this place in the story, the relationship between Abner and Sarty is still at absolute loyalty. The crimes that Abner is committing are starting to be more wrong in Sarty’s eyes. He is beginning to see the wrong in theShow MoreRelatedSocial Class In William Faulkners Barn Burning776 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Faulkner once said, â€Å"We must be free not because we claim freedom, but because we practice it.† This quote is valid in William Faulkner’s short story, Barn Burning, as it demonstrates the difference in social classes and how their status affects the decisions they make. This is evident in Sarty’s response to his father’s actions, the condition in which Sarty’s family lives in and the treatment his family receives, and Sarty’s choices that evidently forced Sarty to betray someone he caresRead MoreSummary Of Class Warfare In William Faulkners Barn Burning1176 Words   |  5 Pagescl ass warfare or class struggle disguises itself in many different and unique forms throughout William Faulkner’s â€Å" Barn Burning.† Granted, the story draws the reader to reflect upon the uneven distribution of wealth keeping industrious farmers static with regards to class and indigence in 1890’s Mississippi. Be that as it may, the enduring struggle of the story is between father and son in values, morals, and ideology. 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Rude American Free Essays

Rude Americans Stories are often told about rude American tourists, neighbors, or simply Americans. They have been labeled as rude because of their actions and their portrayal in the media and our society. Most of the complaints involve tourists. We will write a custom essay sample on Rude American or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to businessperson. Com, Tripods, a travel blob, conducted a survey last year involving 700 respondents from 62 countries about bad tourist behavior. It covers everything from travel etiquette and manners (like hogging the armrests and asking to switch seats incessantly in plane rides) to drunken misbehaver and foreign fertilization. A whopping 33% of respondents, three times as many as the next worst, Britain, agree that Americans are terrible tourists. 44% of the American respondents even agreed that their countrymen are the worst tourists. As the stereotype goes, they’re loud, rude, fat, and make terrible fashion choices. Stereotype aside, why are Americans seen as rude and disrespectful? Aside from the Internet research, a survey was also done in class asking the students their opinions on why Americans are often seen as rude. The top reasons turned out to be 1) the US is involved in a lot of wars, 2) the American bringing and 3) cultural differences and misunderstanding. The supports, however, were mostly based on information from the Internet and personal observations. First reason on why Americans are often seen as rude is the role of the US in wars around the world. The US has been a world superpower for so many years and is considered as one of the â€Å"Most Reliable Countries. Being one of the richest and most powerful countries, Americans tend to think they are superior and can overpower anyone, making them come off as rude and disrespectful. American rudeness and disrespect also comes from the wars hey were involved in the past to gain power or just for the sake of warring such as World Wars I and II, Vietnam, Korean, Afghanistan and Iraq wars. Even if they didn’t win without the help of other countries, it still made Americans act and think that they are above anyone, which carries on up until now. Second reason of American rudeness is the American upbringing. It is the environment that they grew up in; it is how they were raised. Many Americans are loud and outspoken because they grew up in a similar environment especially if they grew up in a city since American cities tend to be hectic and Hattie. They are often seen glued and yelling over their phones, which may be just talking normally for them. They are also seen as rude because of their informality when meeting strangers and they think everything is funny. This is because they are comfortable with other people although they don’t realize that the same open behavior comes across as disrespect to other people. Americans are seen as rude because many of them feel that they have to insult others because everything has to be their way. Many Americans are known to be chain-swears like it’s a part of them, like it’s a normal thing. When they do not get what they want, they become frustrated. They just lack manners and social graces because they feel the need to become dominant and take control of everything without thinking about how to treat others. Americans also seem to have a bad reputation with not realizing that the whole world did not grow up learning English to serve them, and that speaking slower to someone who doesn’t understand or speak English, doesn’t make a difference. Third reason is cultural differences. As mentioned in the previous reason, the open behavior of Americans comes across as disrespect to other people cause they aren’t used to such culture, whereas Americans often view familiarity as a good thing. Mistakes made by tourists when visiting other countries are often seen as disrespectful. They may not be fully aware, but some people actually get offended. For example, if you’re in France and you’re invited to dinner at someone’s house, you should bring a gift but do not bring a bottle of wine because it implies that your hoses wine is not good enough. Since it is habitual for polite Americans to bring a bottle of wine as a gift for one’s hosts, it may be a problem especially if they aren’t familiar with he French rule. Americans are also known for their busy lifestyle, wherein their time costs so much that they don’t waste it in apologizing or thanking others. Some people as a child has been taught that saying â€Å"thank you,† â€Å"you’re welcome,† or â€Å"I’m sorry/’ is a way of showing good manners, so not doing any of the mentioned may seen by others as rude. The way they show their nationalism and pride makes them seem to look down on other countries since they say that other countries are nothing compared to them, and that the US is the best country in the world. Maybe we are just used to he respectful culture, but some of the ways they show nationalism and pride may be disrespectful to other countries. Some of the things they say may also sound offensive but they actually mean something different. An example would be their use of the phrase, â€Å"Oh, really? † A person could take it as someone challenging his opinion but in reality it simply means, â€Å"Interesting Can you elaborate? † The portrayal of arrogance among Americans through their actions, the media and the society is caused by the role of the US in wars, the American upbringing and cultural differences. Not all Americans are rude; they were just stereotyped as such. That is why everyone should respect and appreciate each others differences and try to learn and understand them and their culture. It is important to learn and understand them to avoid getting too offended, and to know how to react to certain situations. It also helps in getting to know and socializing with Americans instead of avoiding them for being intentionally or unintentionally rude because after all, they are humans just like everyone else. How to cite Rude American, Papers

Bread Lady free essay sample

Have you ever gone a day without bread? Imagine going to the local bakery and smelling delicious fresh made scones. But, what happens to the bakery at the end of the night? I work at Gagliano’s Market and throw away garbage bags full of delicious bakery when I close at night. The waste bothers me, knowing how many people are without food. I thought, What can I do possibly do to change this? I discussed this with my parents, who are social workers. My mom said, â€Å"I go to the Lauer Center every week and the children there could use and share the bakery with their families.† For the past year, on Monday nights I pick up the bakery and my mom delivers it to the Lauer Center every Tuesday morning. Whenever they see her, the kids all say, â€Å"The bread lady is here!† A big difference can start from a little effort to make our world a better place. We will write a custom essay sample on Bread Lady or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Starting in Waukesha and who knows how far the difference will spread. Now they don’t have to worry about a day without bread.